Dealing first with injuries on the ridge of the spine:

 1. A low arch or numnah resting on the Withers, Figure 36, No.1.
  
 2. A narrow arch compressing the withers, Figure 36, No.2.
  
 3. A seat resting on the spine, Figure 36, No. 3.
 
 4. An injury through men riding thin horses bare-back, No.4.
 
 5. Rear pack touching the spine, or the loose end of a baggage strap or buckle. In plain or Colonial saddle it means a rear arch resting on the spine, Figure 36.No.5.

Injuries on the back below the spine
Injuries on the back below the spine may be due:-
 
 6. To the burr of the side bar resting on the blade-bone, Figure 36, No.6.
 
 7. The upper edge of the side bars pressing into the back, through the front arch being too narrow.
 
 8. Through the lower edge of the bar pressing into the back, Figure 36, No.7.
 
 9. Through dead continuous pressure and thin panels or blankets.
 
10. Through the fans resting upon the loins, Figure 36, No.8.
 
11. Through the sweat flap of the girth, or if panels are worn the panel flap, getting accidentally bent upwards when saddling up in a hurry or in the dark, Figure 36, No.9.
 
12. In the same region an injury also occurs due to the pressure of the girth attachment with its studs; this is caused by tight girthing, but especially tight over-girthing. It may be produced by any pattern of V-shaped girth, or by the buckles on ordinary girths, though, as a rule, when the latter occurs, it is due to thin panel flaps.